Experimental and Economic Evaluation of Cocoa-Pod Waste as a Bio-Surfactant for Enhanced Oil Recovery in Niger Delta Sandstone Reservoirs
Keywords:
Enhanced Oil Recovery, Cocoa-Pod Waste, Bio-Surfactant, Niger Delta, Sandstone Reservoirs, Core Flooding, Economic AnalysisAbstract
This study evaluates the potential of cocoa-pod waste (CPW) as a bio-surfactant for enhanced oil recovery (EOR) in Niger Delta sandstone reservoirs. Characterization showed key elements (potassium: 2.45 mg/g, calcium: 1.82 mg/g) and phytochemicals (saponins, alkaloids) contributing to its surfactant properties. Core flooding experiments at concentrations of 1000–3000 ppm yielded additional displacement efficiencies of 9.09–13.63% beyond secondary recovery and oil recovery rates of 77.27–85.71%, with the highest recovery (85.71%) at 2500 ppm. Economic analysis indicated a preparation cost of ₦800/kg and a maximum net present value (NPV) of ₦528 per run at 1500 ppm, highlighting cost-effectiveness compared to synthetic surfactants. The use of CPW repurposes agricultural waste, reducing landfill pollution and supporting Nigeria’s agricultural economy. These findings suggest that CPW is a sustainable and economically viable EOR agent for sandstone reservoirs.
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