Mitigation of Dinoflagellate Biofilms using Dendrobranchiata Sp. along Iko River Estuary, South Eastern Nigeria
Keywords:
Biofilm, Dinoflagellates sp., Dendrobranchiata sp., Chitosan, Iko River EstuaryAbstract
Biofilms are complex surface-attached communities of bacteria held together by self-produced polymer matrix, and primarily composed of extracellular polymeric complexes. Biofilms are known to adhere to any material surface due to the growth and adhesion of microorganisms and are a vital component in the microbial corrosion of concrete. One of the peculiar types of bacteria that produce biofilm is the Dinoflagellates sp. This study aims to adopt chitosan component derived from Dendrobranchiata sp. (Prawn) to mitigate the biofilm growth of Dendrobranchiata sp. The sampling was carried out at the Iko River Estuary, Eastern Obolo, South Eastern Nigeria. Samples were taken from 5 different stations; station 1 (Iko Jetty), station 2 (Otowaji), station 3 (Ayalekpong), station 4 (Estuarine mouth), and station 5 (Akasa). The characterization methods adopted for the study were surface morphology using a microscope, UV-spectrophotometric technique for the determination of the concentration of Dinoflagellates sp, and physicochemical parameters determination of the turbidity, salinity, temperature, pH, dissolved oxygen (DO), and conductivity. Chitosan samples obtained from Dendrobranchiata sp. (Prawn) undergo three stages of reactions; demineralization, deproteinization, and deacetylation. The surface morphology characterization showed the presence of various dinoflagellate species such as Dinophysis caudata, Cochlodinium pirum, Phalacroma cuneus, and Dinophysis hastata. A higher pH value of about 9.0 was observed at the mouth of the estuary due to the influx of seawater. The 5-day results showed an increase in the biofilm growth as observed in the concentration results in the five stations. The highest concentration value of about 0.75 mg/L was observed on day 1, and the lowest value of about 0.40 mg/L was observed on day 5. The concentration value for media with chitosan was about 0.20 mg/L, while the media with Dinoflagellates sp. had about 0.40 mg/L. The reduction could be attributed to the decrease in the availability of nutrients for bacteria growth when chitosan was applied. The mitigation approach indicates that the chitosan acted as an excellent antimicrobial agent for the mitigation of dinoflagellates sp. biofilm growth.
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