Implications of Crude Oil Exploration and Exploitation on Seasonal Variability of pH and Electrical Conductivity of Arable Soil, Water and Sediment of Ibeno Coastal Area, Niger Delta, Nigeria
Keywords:
Electrical Conductivity, pH, Environment, Pollution, Niger DeltaAbstract
Crude oil exploration in Niger Delta, Nigeria has led to pollution of arable agricultural land, water and air through oil spills, gas flaring, effluent discharge, illegal oil bunkering, pipe line vandalism and artisanal refining. This results in low food production because of decrease in soil nutrients and damage to aquatic life. pH and EC are master variables in agricultural productivity because they determine optimal nutrient availability and soil chemistry. It in this regard that this research was designed to investigate the implications of crude oil exploration and exploitation on pH and Electrical conductivity (EC) on the area. An experimental design method was adopted for this study. Fifteen composite samples each of soil, sediment and water were collected in June 2023 and December, 2023 representing wet and dry seasons, respectively. The soil, sediment and water samples were collected using augers, corers and clean plastic bottles, respectively. Soil and sediment samples were air dried, mechanically ground using a mortar and pestle, and sieved with a 2 mm mesh size and stored for further analysis. Conductivity meter, model Eijlkam K611 and HI98161 - Hanna pH instruments were used to measure the electrical conductivity and pH. The mean pH of the soil, sediment and water for the dry season were 6.633, 6.113 and 6.387, respectively. Also, the mean pH of the soil, sediment and water for wet season were 6.446, 6.226 and 5.867 respectively. The average pH of soil, water and sediment was within the WHO and DPR threshold range of 6.5-8.5. The electrical conductivity of the soil, sediment and water for the dry season were 485.26 µS cm-1, 342.86 µS cm-1 and 243.00 µS cm-1, respectively. The mean electrical conductivity of soil, sediment and water for wet season were 402.86 µS cm-1, 316.86 µS cm-1 and 298.80 µS cm-1, respectively. The electrical conductivity of the soil and sediment in the dry season was higher than that in the wet season, except water. This research presents data on the seasonal variation of pH and electrical conductivity, (which constitutes important parameters in overall soil chemistry) in soil, sediment and water of Ibeno Coastal Region, Niger Delta available and useful for reference in soil, sediment and water quality.
References
Anyanwu, D. I. and Tanee, F. B. G., (2008).Tolerance of cassava (Var. TMS 30572) to different concentrations of post-planting crude oil pollution. Nigerian Journal of Botany, 21(1), pp.203-207.
Burt, R. (2014). Soil Survey Staff: Soil Survey Field and Laboratory Methods Manual-Soil Survey Investigations Report, Vol. 51. Washington, DC: US Department of Agriculture, 227–234.
Biswas, A., Dasgupta, S., Das, S., and Abraham, A. (2007). A synergy of differential evolution and bacterial foraging optimization for global optimization. Neural Netw.World 17, 607.
Choubey, V.K., Sharma, M.K. and Dwivedi, V. (2008).Water Quality Characteristics of the Upper Bhopal Lake, M.P., India. Proceedings of the 12th World Lake Conference, Taal 2007, published by the International Lake Environment Committee, 366 - 372
Ekanem, A. N., Udo, G. J. and Okori, B.S. (2021). Determination of Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbons in Soil and Water Around Automobile Repair Workshops within Eket Metropolis in AkwaIbom State, Nigeria using GC-MS. J. Environ. Treat. Tech. 9(4): 819-830
Essien, J. P., Ubom, R. M. and Antai, S. P. (2005). Productivity and distribution of epipelic microalgae along salinity gradient in mangrove swamp of the Qua Iboe Estuary. Nig. Environ. Mont Assessment, (10): 46.
Emumejaye, K. and Daniel – Umeri, R.A (2015). Electrical Conductivity of Water in Some Selected Areas of Delta State, Nigeria. American Journal of Engineering Research, 4(8):104-107
Ekundayo, E. O., Emedi, T. O. and Osayande, D. I. (2001). Effect of Crude oil Spillage on Growth and Yield of Maizie (Zea Mays) in Soils of Midwestern Nigeria. Plant, food and human nutrition, 56 (4): 313.
Ehizonomhen, S.O., Eguakhide, A., Kayode, H.L, Fidelis,O. A. andTemitope, E. I. (2021). Effect of Crude Oil Exploration and Exploitation Activities on Soil, Water and Air in a Nigerian Community, Environmental Technology, DOI:10.-1080/09593330.2021.1992508
EPA. (2012). Channel Processes: Bed load Transport. In Water: Science & Technology. Retrieved from http://water-.epa.gov/scitech/datait/tools/warsss/bedload.cfm
Edem, C.A., Documu, M.I., and Bassey F.I. (2009). Distribution of Heavy metals in Leaves, Stems and Roots of Fluted Pumpkin Telfairiaoccidentalis). Pakistan Journal of nutrition, 8(3): 222-224.
Fondriest Environmental, Inc. “pH of Water.” Fundamentals of Environmental Measurements. 19 Nov.2013.Web.<-https://www.fondriest.com/environmental-measurements/parameters/water-quality/ph/
Fubara, R. I., Wokeh, O. K. and Okey-Wokeh, C. G. (2022). Physicochemical Characterisation and Water Quality Status of the Lower Orashi River, Niger Delta, Nigeria. West African Journal of Applied Ecology, 30(2), 2022: 24 – 31
George, N. J, Atat, J. G, Umoren, E.B and Isong Etebong (2017). Geophysical exploration to estimate the surface conductivity of residual argillaceous bands in the groundwater repositories of coastal sediments of EOLGA, Nigeria, NRIAG Journal of Astronomy and Geophysics, (6) 1:174-183.
Harry, T.A., Peter, E.J. and Udoduk, N.A. (2022). Environmental Impact Assessment of Oil Producing Communities in Part of the Niger Delta. A Case Study of Ibeno, Ikot Abasi, Onna and Esit-Eket Local Government Area in Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. Environmental Contaminants Reviews, 5(2): 49-56
Hyellai, T.P., Duan, X., Olusola, O. A. and Narh, D. T. (2021). Environmental health situation in Nigeria: current status and future needs, Heliyon, (7)3:2405-8440. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.heliyon.2021.e06330.
Hovmand, M. F., Tjell, J.C. and Mossback, H. (1983). Environnemental pollution. Blackie and son Limited. Glasgow. Pp 27-38.
Igwe, O., Ngwoke, M., Ukah, B.U., and Ubido, O.E. (2021) Assessment of the physicochemical qualities of groundwater and soils around oil-producing communities in Afam, area of Porthacourt, Niger Delta Nigeria. Appl Water Sci, 11 (74). https://doi.org-/10.1007/s13201-021-01393-6
Lyion, G. (2024) Soil Electrical Conductivity (EC): What’s It, Why Important, How to Measure & More, Austin, Texas. https://-www.seeedstudio.com/blog/2022/07/15/soil-electrical-conductivity/
Läuchli, A., and Grattan, S.R. (2012). “Soil pH extremes,” in Plant Stress Physiology, ed. S. Shabala (Wallingford: Centre for Agriculture and Bioscience International), 194. doi: 10.1079/9781845939953.0194
Mafiana, M.O., Bashiru, M.D., Erhunmwunsee, F., Dirisu, G. and Li, S. (2021). An insight into the current oil spills and on-site bioremediation approaches to contaminated sites in Nigeria. Environ Sci. Pollut Res 28, 4073–4094 https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-020-11533-1
Msimbira, L.A. and Smith, D.L. (2020) The Roles of Plant Growth Promoting Microbes in Enhancing Plant Tolerance to Acidity and Alkalinity Stresses. Front. Sustain. Food Syst., 4:106. doi: 10.3389/fsufs.2020.00106
Nwachukwu, I and Mbachu, I.C. (2018). The Political Ecology of Oil and Gas Activities in the Nigerian Aquatic Ecosystem. PP: 177-190 DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/B978-0-12-809399-3.00013-6
Nwadinigwe, C.A., Udo, G.J. and Nwadinigwe, A.O. (2015). Investigation of Heavy Metal Concentrations in leaves of TeliferiaOccidentalis Hook F (Fluted Pumpkin) in Nigeria. Polish Journal of Environmental Studies, 24(4):1733-1743
Nwadinigwe, C.A., Udo, G.J., Nwadinigwe, A.O. and Ubuo, E.E. (2014a). Dry and wet seasons’ dynamics in concentrations of Ni, V, Cd, Pb, Mn, Fe, Co and Zn in soil samples within farm lands in Ibeno coastal area, AkwaIbom State, Niger Delta, Nigeria. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 3(11): 254-265
Nwadinigwe, C.A, Udo, G.J. and Nwadinigwe, A.O. (2014b). Seasonal variations of heavy metals concentrations in sediment samples around major tributaries in Ibeno coastal area, Niger Delta, Nigeria. International Journal of Scientific & Technology Research, 3(12):96-106
Nwadinigwe, C.A., Udo, G.J. and Nwadinigwe, A.O. (2015). Investigations of Heavy Metals Concentrations in Leaves of Telfairiaoccidentalis Hook. F. (Fluted Pumpkin) in Nigeria. Pol. J. Environ. Stud. 2015; 24(4):1733-1742.DOI:https:-//doi.org/10.15244/pjoes/31228
Nguyena, B. T., Voa , L.D., Nguyena , T.X. and Quang, N. X. (2020). The Interactive Effects of Natural Factor and Pollution Source on Surface Water Quality in the Lower Mekong River Basin, Southwestern Vietnam. Water Resources, 47(5): 865–876
Onwerenmadu, E.U. and Duruigbo, O.I. (2007). Assessment of Cd concentration of crude oil polluted arable soil. Int. J Environ Sci &Tech. 4(3): 409-412.
Onyedika, G. O. and Nwasu, G. U. (2008). Lead, Zinc, and Calcium in Root Crops from Mineralized Galena- Sphalerite Mining Areas and Environment. Paki. J. Nutri., 1 (3): 418-420
Okon, I. and Ogba, C. (2018). The Impacts of Crude Oil Exploitation on Soil in Some Parts of Ogoni Region, Rivers State, Southern Nigeria. Open Access Library Journal, 5, 1 - 20. doi: 10.4236/-oalib.1104297.
Osuyi, C.L. and Chukwunedum, M. O. (2001) The Ebocha-8 oil spillage fate of Associated Heavy Metals six months after. Petroleum chemistry research group, Department of industrial and pure chemistry, University of Port Harcourt, Choba, Port Harcourt, Nigeria. 2001; 1-9
Radojvic, M. and Bashkin, V.N. (1999). Practical Environmental Analysis. The Royal Society of chemistry. Thomas Graham Honse, Science park, Milton Road, Cambridge UK. pp 405-500.
Sullivan C. (2018). To protect marine life, NOAA monitoring seasonal and yearly changes in surface water pH in the Caribbean Sea and Gulf of Mexico. Climate.gov Science & information for a climate-smart nation
Sunderman, F. W. and Oskarsson, A. (1988). Metals and their compounds in the environment.Weinhein,VCHverlagsgesellschaft, pp 1 - 19.
United States Department of Agriculture (USDA), Natural Resources Conservation Service (2011). Soil Quality Indicators, https://www.nrcs.usda.gov/sites/default/files/2022-10/indicator_sheet_guide-_sheet.pdf
Ukpong, E.C. and Peter, B.U. (2012). Physico-chemical and Bacteriological Analysis of Drinking Water in Ibeno Local Government Area of Akwa Ibom State. Nig. J. Tech. (NIJOTECH), 31(2): 1 – 12.
U.S. EPA (2010) Causal Analysis/Diagnosis Decision Information System (CADDIS).U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington DC.EPA-/600/R-08/082F.
Udo, G. J, Awaka-Ama, J.J., Uwanta, E.J., Ekwere. I.O. and Igwe, R.C. (2020) Comparative Analyses of Physicochemical Properties of Artisanal Refined Gasoline and Regular Automotive Gasoline. Front. Chem. 8:753. doi: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00753
Udo, G.J., Nsi, E.W., Akpanudo, N.W. and Akan, O. D. (2018). Seasonal Variation of Heavy Metal Concentrations in Crude Oil Polluted Water Around Major Tributaries in Ibeno, a Coastal Area, in Niger Delta. Nigeria. Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 5(7):24-34
Udo, G.J., Nwadinigwe, C.A., Nwadinigwe, A. O. and Awaka-ama, J. J. (2017). Correlation between Extractable Heavy Metals (Ni, V, Cd, and Pb) in Soil and ColocasiaSpp (Cocoyam corm) from Farm Lands in Ibeno Coastal Area, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Journal of Scientific and Engineering Research, 4(8):54-61
Udo, G. J. (2017). Heavy Metal Concentrations and Degradation Efficiency of Total Petroleum Hydrocarbons on Environment in Ibeno Local Government Area, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. PhD Thesis. Department of Pure and Industrial Chemistry, University of Nigeria Nsukka. Pp 1-115
Udosen, E.D., Ibia, T. O. and Awaka-Ama, J. J. (2010). Distribution of heavy metals in soil of beach sand origin in Niger Delta area of Nigeria. World J Appl. Sci. and Tech, 2, 124-129.
Udosen, D. E., Ukpong, M. E. and Etim, E. E. (2012).Concentration of heavy metals in soil samples within Mkpanak in Ibeno coastal Area of Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria. International Journal of Modern Chemistry, 3(2): 74 – 81.
Unilag Consult. (1997). Environmental Impact Assessment for the Proposed QIT 750TBD (crude) expansion project, Akwa Ibom State, Nigeria, Onshore Facilities, Mobil Producing Nigeria Unlimited, Lagos Nigeria, (1997). 1; 12-13.
University of Calabar Consultancy Services (Unical Cons) (2003). Draft Final Report of Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) of the Proposed Iko-Atabrikang – Akata – Okpolom - Ikot-Inwang – Okoritip – Iwoachange Road Project by NDDC, Pp. 2 – 5.
Ubong, U. U., Ekwere, I. O., & Obadimu, C. O. (2023). Human Health Risk Assessment: a Case Study of Heavy Metals Accumulations in Tissues of Callinectuslatimanus from Iko River, Eastern Obolo L.G.A., Akwa Ibom State. Researchers Journal of Science and Technology, 3(1), 29–41. Retrieved from https://www.rejost.com.ng/index.php/home/article/view/48
Udo, G. J., Isaac, O.I., Nsi, E.W., Awaka-ama, J. J., Nyong, A. E. and Igwe, R. C. (2023).Concentrations of Monocyclic Aromatics Hydrocarbons: Benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, and xylene (BETX) in gasoline samples distributed in Uyo, Niger Delta, Nigeria. Researchers Journal of Science and Technology 3(4): 46 – 60
Vwioko, D. E., Anoliefo, G. O. and Fashemi, S. D. (2006). Metal concentration in plant tissues of Ricinus Comnismu L. (castor oil plant) grown in soil contaminated with spent lubricating oil. J. Appl. Sci. and Environ. Mgt. 10(3): 127-134.
Downloads
Published
How to Cite
Issue
Section
License
Copyright (c) 2024 Researchers Journal of Science and Technology
This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License.
